Biofouling is recognised as the main pathway for the introduction of non-native marine species worldwide, with Antarctica the only remaining area without any known established populations of non-native marine species. Scientific, fishing and cruise vessel activity, alongside rapidly changing environmental conditions is increasing the risk to Antarctica. Australia has a large presence in Antarctica, with three permanent research stations in East Antarctica, a base on the sub-Antarctic Macquarie Island, and a purpose-built icebreaker, the RSV Nuyina.
A framework for the management of biofouling in Antarctica has been developed. Examining pathways for non-native marine species and gaps in the current biosecurity protocols highlighted that known invasive species are likely already present in the biofouling communities travelling to Antarctica. There is a current opportunity to implement effective biosecurity practices to prevent the introduction of non-native species into Antarctica, with only three countries currently regulating vessel biofouling. The application of the 2023 Australian biofouling management requirements has been examined, finding that international collaboration on the implementation of similar policies across countries with Antarctic bound vessels is required to protect Antarctica’s unique marine environment.